The performance and resilience of an individual depend on the energy and nutrients received. Metabolism provides the necessary substances for the structure and function of the body. Therefore, the body requires not only a quantitative amount of nutrients but also a qualitative representation of individual essential nutrients. A healthy and balanced diet is fundamental. However, a dog may suffer from metabolic disorders. These disorders can lead to energy deficiencies and the inability to absorb or utilize certain nutrients. Such disorders are caused by genetics or breed predisposition. Among the most common metabolic disorders in dogs are copper storage disease, poor zinc absorption, lipid metabolism disorders, and vitamin B12 malabsorption.
Copper Storage Disease
Copper is essential for iron transport and absorption. It aids in the formation of hemoglobin, the transport of proteins, and more. It is extremely important as it is an essential element. The problem arises when there is an excess of copper in the body. A healthy metabolism works by the liver excreting excess copper through bile. If this does not happen, copper accumulates in the liver, potentially leading to intoxication. This creates the potential for liver disorders such as necrosis, hepatitis, or cirrhosis. Symptoms of the disease appear in middle to older age and are not diet-dependent. Liver disorders occur with breed predispositions in Dalmatians, German Shepherds, Labrador Retrievers, Poodles, Cocker Spaniels, and others. Treatment requires a diet with reduced copper concentration along with medications to support reduced copper absorption in the intestines.
Zinc Malabsorption
This problem is caused by a congenital disorder. It affects various breeds with different degrees of intensity. One of the most serious disorders is the inability to absorb zinc from food, which manifests itself immediately after birth. Puppies may have lighter-colored coats, slow growth, skin lesions, and a weakened immune system. This disorder mainly affects Bull Terriers and has fatal consequences, with affected individuals living only up to 7 months. Milder symptoms appear in northern sled dog breeds like the Alaskan Malamute or Siberian Husky. A less severe course can also affect Great Danes or Dobermans. Disorders can also occur in fast-growing puppies, with mild symptoms in the form of skin lesions effectively resolved by adding zinc to the diet.
Lipid Metabolism Disorders
These disorders manifest as abnormal accumulation of lipids in the blood and plasma. The disease mostly affects Miniature Schnauzers (up to 30% of the breed). Symptoms resemble pancreatitis. Treatment focuses on reducing lipid concentrations in the plasma to avoid health risks. A low-fat diet and the addition of omega-3 fatty acids are recommended. Omega-3 fatty acids can help normalize lipid concentrations in the blood.
Vitamin B12 Malabsorption
Vitamin B12 deficiency, also known as cobalamin, causes anemia and neurological problems. Its absorption depends on a compound (intrinsic factor) produced by the stomach mucosa and pancreas, which binds to cobalamin as it passes through the digestive tract. Specific intestinal mucosa receptors bind and absorb the resulting complex. If the intrinsic factor is absent, B12 absorption is significantly impaired. Dogs can store reserves of B12 in the liver, so only small amounts are needed in their diet. Furthermore, a dog's digestive system efficiently reabsorbs excreted B12 through the enterohepatic circulation, making this problem rare. Congenital disorders mainly affect breeds like the Giant Schnauzer, Border Collie, Shar-Pei, Australian Shepherd, and Beagle. Clinical symptoms are present in puppies and include lethargy, loss of appetite, weakness, anemia, neutropenia, elevated plasma ammonia levels, or encephalopathy. Treatment is long-term and involves regular injections of vitamin B12 into the muscle.
Despite a proper and balanced diet, your dog may suffer from one of these congenital nutrient metabolism disorders. Not all of them have fatal outcomes, and most can be managed with an appropriate diet and medication.
